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Within three days after sample collection, the tubes stored at 5 ☌ were centrifuged at 3600 rpm and 21 ☌ for five minutes (Eppendorf Centrifuge 5702 R, Eppendorf Corporate, Wesseling-Berzdorf, Germany). If the full amount of 30 mL was provided, one of the 10 mL tubes was stored at −20 ☌ for later macronutrients analysis. The sample was split into 10 mL tubes (100 × 16PP, Sarstedt, Nümbrecht, Germany) and stored at 5 ☌. No requirements or recordings regarding the sample being fore- or hind milk or the use of a breast pump were specified.

A total amount of 30 mL was required, but less was accepted.

Follow-up and further investigation in later childhood is planned.įrom May 2012, mothers were asked to provide a breast milk sample, when their child was seen for the first physical examination approx. Our results indicate that early intake of n-3 LC-PUFA can affect early development in cardiometabolic factors such as BP and BLP in a sex-specific manner. Furthermore, we observed sex-specific changes over time in both size and direction of the associations. Associations observed at the later time points were non-significant. Based on 336 mother-child dyads, high n-3 LC-PUFA in breast milk was inversely associated with systolic and diastolic BP in boys at 4 months (β = −20.0 (95% CI = −33.4, −6.7), p = 0.004 and β = −10.2 (95% CI = −19.8, −0.5), p = 0.039, respectively) inversely associated with HDL cholesterol, and directly associated with triglyceride in girls at 4 months (β = −0.7 (95% CI = −1.1, −0.3), p = 0.001 and β = 3.1 (95% CI = 1.0, 5.2), p = 0.005, respectively). Statistical analyses were sex-stratified and adjusted for gestational age, maternal pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI), and maternal educational level. BP and BLP were measured at 4, 18, and 36 months. We aimed to investigate associations between n-3 LC-PUFA content in breast milk at 4 months postpartum and offspring BP and BLP in early life. Blood pressure (BP) and blood lipid profile (BLP) have been shown to track from childhood into adulthood, and n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs) in breast milk have been suggested as mediators of the beneficial long-term effect of breastfeeding on BP and BLP.

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